Blog

Blog

Cinq façons d'aider les enfants à mieux se repérer dans l'espace

Publié le 13 août 2019 à 15:40

Cinq façons d’aider les enfants à mieux se repérer dans l’espace

Auteurs

Kym Simoncini

Assistant Professor in Early Childhood and Primary Education, University of Canberra

Tracy Logan

Assistant Professor, University of Canberra

Les puzzles apprennent aux enfants à jongler avec toute une série de paramètres spatiaux.

Quand nous devons lire un plan, préparer le coffre de la voiture pour les vacances, monter un meuble en kit ou découper un gâteau en parts égales, nous faisons appel à des compétences en raisonnement spatial.

Celles-ci nous permettent de manipuler mentalement des objets ou d’inclure dans nos paramètres de réflexion les notions d’espace, de position, de surface et de taille.

Ce type de raisonnement est important non seulement dans la vie de tous les jours mais également quand on veut embrasser une carrière dans les sciences, la technologie, l’ingénierie ou les maths.

L’aisance d’un enfant en matière de raisonnement spatial est l’un des meilleurs moyens de prédire s’il se tournera vers un métier scientifique ou technique. Ces compétences sont tout particulièrement en jeu dans les emplois où l’on doit par exemple lire et créer des images graphiques ou ultra-sonores, des dessins techniques et des plans d’architecte, ou même les coupes transversales d’un système de chauffage et de plomberie.

Elles vont de pair avec de bonnes aptitudes en maths. De fait, les facilités en maths des enfants en bas âge sont un indice bien plus sûr de leur future réussite scolaire que leur précocité en lecture ou leurs qualités sociales et émotionnelles.

La bonne nouvelle, en ce qui concerne les compétences de raisonnement spatial, c’est qu’elles sont malléables. En d’autres termes, on peut les améliorer en les pratiquant.

Il y a beaucoup d’activités amusantes et faciles que les parents ou éducateurs peuvent faire avec leurs enfants pour les aider à aiguiser ce type de raisonnement. En voici cinq fondées sur les enseignements de la recherche.

Jouer avec des cubes

Alors qu’on sait en général que les jeux de cubes développent la motricité fine, les compétences sociales, linguistiques et cognitives, peu de gens sont conscients qu’ils sont étroitement liés au raisonnement dans l’espace.

Les enfants qui jouent avec des cubes ou des briques de construction ont plus de facilités à se repérer dans l’espace que les autres enfants. Cette activité suppose en effet de savoir gérer une multitude de pièces à tourner, déplacer et repositionner. Les jeux dans lesquels les enfants doivent reproduire une structure donnée à partir d’instructions sont tout particulièrement utiles.

Tout en jouant, on utilise aussi un vocabulaire spécifique – avec des propositions comme « à côté de », « au-dessus de », « en dessous de » – ce qui est important pour élaborer des représentations. En fait, les enfants et les adultes ont beaucoup plus recours à ces expressions dans ce type de jeux que dans les autres, y compris les jeux d’imitation (jouer à la marchande, au prof, au chef cuisinier…;), les jeux avec des figurines ou les jeux de balles.

Développer leur vocabulaire

Le langage est un appui important pour raisonner dans l’espace. Plus les enfants entendent ce vocabulaire spécifique, plus ils l’intégreront. Les enfants qui ont les connaissances les plus étendues dans le domaine sont susceptibles de mieux se repérer dans l’espace en grandissant.

Les parents peuvent contribuer à cette facilité d’expression en utilisant des mots pour décrire les objets d’après :

leurs dimensions (grand, petit, court, large, étroit)

leur forme (cercle, carré, triangle, ovale, rectangle)

leurs propriétés (rond, droit, courbe, pointu)

Quand vous demandez à des enfants de ranger leurs affaires, soyez aussi précis que possible sur les emplacements. Dites-leur par exemple de « jeter la boîte dans la poubelle de recyclage », de « déposer les livres sur l’étagère » ou de « mettre la pâte à modeler à côté du micro-ondes ».

Faire des puzzles

À l’instar de ce qui se passe avec les cubes, il existe des liens bénéfiques entre la pratique des puzzles et l’aptitude à se situer dans l’espace. Les enfants qui font des puzzles ont plus de facilités pour se repérer que ceux qui n’en font pas. Comme dans les jeux de briques, il faut en effet tourner et déplacer simultanément un grand nombre de pièces.

Lorsque des enfants se lancent dans un puzzle, nous pouvons les encourager à persévérer et les aider à imaginer quelles pièces pourraient convenir, soit en se basant sur leurs formes (« il nous faut une pièce avec un bord plat »;), soit en visualisant les éléments manquants de l’image (« nous avons besoin de feuilles couleur vert clair »;).

Assurons-nous aussi que la taille du puzzle n’excède pas leurs capacités – il faut que ce ne soit pas trop facile mais pas trop dur non plus. Combien d’entre nous n’ont-ils pas renoncé à un puzzle de 1 000 pièces représentant pour 800 d’entre elles le ciel ou la mer ?

Utiliser des plans

Des cartes, il y en a tout autour de nous. Elles figurent les liens spatiaux entre les objets dans le monde réel. Les plus jeunes adorent regarder et créer des plans. Des études auprès d’enfants d’âge pré-scolaire ont montré que la consultation et l’usage de plans aidaient les enfants à mieux circuler quand ils doivent se retrouver dans un dédale d’objets.

Des jeux comme les chasses au trésor à partir de cartes et de symboles directionnels (à gauche, à droit, en haut, en bas, vers le nord ou le sud) sont un moyen divertissant d’aider les enfants à raisonner dans l’espace.

Explorer et créer des cartes de toutes sortes, depuis des planisphères aux plans de centres commerciaux, en passant par les plans de quartier, voilà qui aide à comprendre comment le monde qui nous entoure peut se représenter de différentes façons et à différentes échelles. Les cartes à déplier et les cartes numériques comme Google Maps et Google Earth sont de merveilleuses ressources.

Donner de l’importance aux gestes

Beaucoup de gens s’expriment en faisant des gestes, et c’est particulièrement vrai quand ils parlent d’espace, par exemple quand il s’agit d’indiquer des directions.

D’autres recherches montrent que les professions scientifiques et techniques font la part belle aux gestes quand il s’agit de résoudre des problèmes liés à l’espace et que les étudiants exposés à cette gestuelle pendant leur formation s’en sortent mieux face aux tâches à résoudre.

Les enfants devraient être encouragés à se servir de leurs mains quand ils doivent expliquer des mouvements ou indiquer des lieux ou des objets. Et les parents peuvent leur montrer l’exemple.

Traduit de l’anglais par Aurélie Djavadi.

Catégories : Aucun

Publier un commentaire

Oups !

Oops, you forgot something.

Oups !

Les mots que vous avez saisis ne correspondent pas au texte affiché. Veuillez réessayer.

6696 commentaires

Répondre yeezy boost 350 v2
à 17:19 le 10 février 2021 
Thank you for all of the work on this blog. Gloria take interest in participating in investigation and it's really obvious why. Most of us notice all relating to the dynamic form you make very helpful tips on the web blog and therefore increase contribution from other people on this article then our simple princess has always been discovering a lot of things. Take pleasure in the rest of the new year. You're carrying out a fabulous job.
yeezy boost 350 v2 http://www.yeezy350boostv2s.us
Répondre yeezy
à 17:21 le 10 février 2021 
I precisely wished to say thanks once again. I'm not certain the things I would have followed without the points revealed by you concerning my area. It seemed to be a real daunting matter in my opinion, nevertheless coming across the well-written strategy you processed it took me to weep over delight. I will be happy for the support and as well , sincerely hope you really know what a powerful job you were providing instructing men and women with the aid of your web blog. I'm certain you haven't encountered all of us.
yeezy http://www.yeezy-boost350.us.com
Répondre nike epic react flyknit
à 18:29 le 10 février 2021 
I wish to show my appreciation to this writer for bailing me out of this type of matter. As a result of surfing throughout the online world and seeing recommendations which are not helpful, I was thinking my life was done. Being alive without the approaches to the problems you've resolved by means of your article is a crucial case, as well as those which may have negatively damaged my entire career if I hadn't noticed the blog. Your own mastery and kindness in dealing with all the stuff was crucial. I am not sure what I would've done if I hadn't come across such a subject like this. I'm able to now look forward to my future. Thanks a lot so much for your expert and results-oriented help. I won't think twice to refer your web page to anyone who desires direction about this situation.
nike epic react flyknit http://www.nikereact.org
Répondre yeezys
à 23:04 le 10 février 2021 
My husband and i got very excited when Raymond could conclude his web research with the ideas he had through the weblog. It is now and again perplexing to just possibly be handing out guidance which men and women may have been selling. And now we fully grasp we have got the writer to thank for this. Those illustrations you have made, the simple blog menu, the friendships your site make it easier to foster - it is everything awesome, and it is helping our son and the family reckon that this situation is satisfying, and that's seriously vital. Thank you for all!
yeezys http://www.adidasyeezysupply.com
Répondre pandora
à 0:13 le 11 février 2021 
I in addition to my buddies have been viewing the nice tricks from your web page and so quickly came up with a horrible suspicion I had not expressed respect to you for those secrets. All the boys appeared to be absolutely excited to learn them and have in effect definitely been tapping into them. Many thanks for being well considerate and for pick out this kind of superb areas most people are really eager to discover. My honest apologies for not expressing gratitude to earlier.
pandora http://www.pandorasbracelet.us
Répondre moncler jackets
à 0:46 le 11 février 2021 
Needed to draft you the tiny note to give thanks the moment again with your fantastic tactics you have documented on this site. This has been certainly tremendously open-handed of people like you to grant extensively just what a lot of folks would have made available as an electronic book to generate some dough on their own, precisely seeing that you might well have done it in the event you considered necessary. These strategies as well worked like the good way to realize that other individuals have a similar desire just like my personal own to find out much more with regard to this problem. I believe there are thousands of more pleasant situations ahead for many who see your site.
moncler jackets http://www.monclerjackets.us.org
Répondre lebron shoes
à 1:22 le 11 février 2021 
I would like to get across my love for your kindness in support of men and women who really want guidance on this important niche. Your personal commitment to getting the solution all-around had been really important and have specifically enabled most people like me to achieve their aims. Your entire warm and helpful facts indicates this much a person like me and especially to my mates. Regards; from each one of us.
lebron shoes http://www.lebron16.us
Répondre chrome hearts
à 1:23 le 11 février 2021 
I am writing to make you be aware of what a great experience my cousin's child had visiting the blog. She even learned a wide variety of things, including what it is like to have an ideal teaching style to make other folks smoothly comprehend some tortuous issues. You actually exceeded readers' desires. Thank you for distributing these effective, trustworthy, explanatory not to mention cool thoughts on that topic to Tanya.
chrome hearts http://www.chromehearts.com.co
Répondre kd 10
à 1:24 le 11 février 2021 
I wish to voice my respect for your generosity for visitors who require assistance with this important idea. Your very own commitment to getting the message across had been rather invaluable and have truly allowed guys like me to get to their goals. Your amazing valuable tutorial denotes a great deal to me and extremely more to my fellow workers. Best wishes; from all of us.
kd 10 http://www.kd10.us
Répondre golden goose outlet
à 1:24 le 11 février 2021 
I want to express thanks to the writer just for rescuing me from this type of issue. After browsing throughout the search engines and meeting things which were not helpful, I was thinking my life was gone. Being alive without the presence of answers to the difficulties you have fixed by means of the article is a serious case, as well as the kind that might have in a wrong way damaged my entire career if I hadn't noticed your site. The mastery and kindness in handling the whole lot was tremendous. I am not sure what I would've done if I had not come across such a step like this. I am able to at this time look ahead to my future. Thanks very much for the specialized and amazing guide. I will not be reluctant to suggest the sites to anyone who should get guidelines on this situation.
golden goose outlet http://www.goldengooseofficial.com
Répondre kd 12
à 1:25 le 11 février 2021 
I am only writing to let you be aware of of the really good experience our child had going through your web page. She picked up too many issues, not to mention what it is like to have an excellent helping heart to get certain people very easily completely grasp several advanced subject matter. You undoubtedly did more than readers' expectations. Thanks for imparting those warm and friendly, healthy, educational and also fun tips about the topic to Julie.
kd 12 http://www.kd12.org
Répondre longchamp
à 1:49 le 11 février 2021 
I really wanted to compose a quick note to be able to appreciate you for these amazing strategies you are giving here. My extensive internet search has at the end of the day been compensated with incredibly good insight to talk about with my company. I 'd tell you that we readers are unequivocally endowed to be in a fantastic place with many awesome individuals with valuable methods. I feel really lucky to have come across your entire site and look forward to plenty of more entertaining moments reading here. Thank you again for everything.
longchamp http://www.handbagslongchamp.us
Répondre hermes handbags
à 3:09 le 11 février 2021 
I would like to show some appreciation to this writer for bailing me out of such a issue. After looking out through the internet and seeing principles that were not helpful, I figured my life was gone. Existing without the strategies to the difficulties you have sorted out through your good short article is a serious case, as well as the ones which could have in a wrong way damaged my entire career if I had not come across the blog. Your own personal mastery and kindness in maneuvering all the stuff was invaluable. I'm not sure what I would have done if I hadn't come upon such a subject like this. I can now look forward to my future. Thanks a lot very much for your impressive and results-oriented guide. I will not think twice to endorse your web sites to anyone who should receive direction on this situation.
hermes handbags http://www.hermesonlineshop.com
Répondre cheap jordans
à 3:35 le 11 février 2021 
I simply desired to appreciate you once more. I do not know the things I would've taken care of without the type of information contributed by you regarding that subject matter. This was a very alarming matter in my opinion, but considering a new expert avenue you processed the issue forced me to weep for delight. I am happier for the support and even pray you are aware of a powerful job you have been getting into training the others with the aid of your blog. I am sure you have never got to know all of us.
cheap jordans http://www.cheapjordan.us
Répondre kd shoes
à 3:36 le 11 février 2021 
I simply needed to say thanks once more. I'm not certain what I could possibly have followed without those concepts discussed by you on such subject. It truly was a real distressing problem in my circumstances, but viewing your specialised approach you dealt with the issue made me to weep over delight. I am just happy for your help and then hope you find out what a powerful job your are doing educating the mediocre ones thru your web page. Most likely you have never got to know all of us.
kd shoes http://www.kd12.us.com
Répondre curry 8
à 3:36 le 11 février 2021 
I would like to express some appreciation to you for bailing me out of such a instance. After searching throughout the online world and seeing things that were not powerful, I assumed my entire life was done. Being alive without the answers to the issues you have resolved through the post is a crucial case, and the ones which could have in a wrong way damaged my career if I had not encountered your web page. The talents and kindness in taking care of all the pieces was important. I don't know what I would have done if I hadn't come upon such a step like this. I can also now look ahead to my future. Thanks for your time so much for the skilled and result oriented help. I won't hesitate to suggest the blog to any person who should have direction about this situation.
curry 8 http://www.curry8.us
Répondre supreme clothing
à 3:37 le 11 février 2021 
I wanted to send a quick message to thank you for all the precious techniques you are placing here. My time-consuming internet look up has at the end of the day been recognized with extremely good knowledge to go over with my classmates and friends. I would declare that we readers are undoubtedly blessed to be in a perfect community with so many outstanding professionals with beneficial methods. I feel very lucky to have come across the web pages and look forward to plenty of more awesome moments reading here. Thanks again for all the details.
supreme clothing http://www.supremeclothings.us.com
Répondre nike kyrie 7
à 3:37 le 11 février 2021 
I must show my appreciation to you just for rescuing me from this type of crisis. Right after looking throughout the online world and seeing ways that were not powerful, I assumed my life was over. Living minus the answers to the problems you have sorted out by way of this guideline is a serious case, as well as the kind that might have adversely damaged my career if I hadn't encountered your website. Your capability and kindness in playing with every part was precious. I don't know what I would've done if I had not encountered such a step like this. I can at this point relish my future. Thank you so much for the professional and amazing guide. I won't hesitate to refer the blog to anyone who should get support on this area.
nike kyrie 7 http://www.kyrie-7.com
Répondre steph curry shoes
à 3:38 le 11 février 2021 
Needed to draft you a tiny remark so as to say thanks the moment again for those nice methods you have contributed above. It was quite shockingly generous of you to allow extensively all that most of us would have supplied for an ebook to help make some money for themselves, specifically seeing that you could possibly have done it in the event you considered necessary. The principles additionally served as a fantastic way to be aware that other individuals have a similar zeal much like my own to find out somewhat more on the topic of this issue. I'm certain there are several more fun periods ahead for many who scan through your blog.
steph curry shoes http://www.curryshoes.net
Répondre yeezy
à 3:53 le 11 février 2021 
My wife and i were absolutely delighted that Michael managed to do his reports with the ideas he came across from your site. It is now and again perplexing to simply choose to be giving away methods which often people have been trying to sell. And we do know we need the writer to thank for this. The entire illustrations you have made, the easy website menu, the friendships you will make it easier to create - it's got mostly powerful, and it's really leading our son and the family imagine that that subject matter is interesting, and that is unbelievably vital. Thank you for everything!
yeezy http://www.supplyyeezy.us
0