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Hauts Potentiels: Lorsque le génie se cache derrière l'échec scolaire

Publié le 28 mars 2017 à 14:50

Hauts Potentiels : Lorsque le génie se cache derrière l’échec scolaire


Diagnostique 250'000, c’est le nombre d’enfants à haut potentiel en Suisse, soit environ un élève par classe. A l’école ou en famille, ils demandent une attention toute particulière. Il faut savoir composer avec leur hypersensibilité, avec leur « moulin » en constante activité.

reconnaître et comprendre

Comment définir le génie?

Selon le Larousse, le génie désigne «l’aptitude naturelle de l’esprit de quelqu’un qui le rend capable de concevoir, de créer des choses, des concepts d’une qualité exceptionnelle». A la lecture de ces lignes, on pense instantanément à Albert Einstein.

Saviez-vous que l’auteur de la célèbre formule E=mc², handicapé par sa dyslexie, fut renvoyé du Luitpold Gymnasium de Munich à l’âge de 15 ans? Que son enfance fut caractérisée par une scolarité ardue?

Qu’est-ce qu’un enfant à haut potentiel?

C’est un enfant dont le développement intellectuel est avancé par rapport à son âge. Son intelligence est quantitativement supérieure à la norme et qualitativement différente de ses pairs.

On parle ici d’un quotient intellectuel (QI), effectué par des tests standardisés tels que le WISC-IV (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children), supérieur à 130 (soit 2,3% de la population mondiale).

Surdoués, zèbres, HP, précoces, ces êtres sont performants, efficients; on les rêve parfaits. L’activité cérébrale est très soutenue. Une idée s’associe à une autre et se bouscule jusqu’à perdre le fil rouge. Ce mode de pensée en arborescence se différencie de la pensée linéaire.

Quelles sont les spécificités des enfants HP?

Selon les observations, on dissocie deux types de caractéristiques: cognitives et comportementales. Dans un premier temps, les enfants à haut potentiel sont curieux, attentifs et vifs. Ils possèdent un vocabulaire enrichi, un traitement rapide de l’information, une vision inhabituelle par rapport à la «norme».

Leur capacité de mémorisation est hors pair, leur besoin de compréhension les obsède. D’autre part, l’émotionnel prend une place tout aussi importante que l’intellect. Empathiques, sensibles, intuitifs, perfectionnistes, motivés, autonomes, drôles, analytiques, extralucides, créatifs, cette sensibilité émotionnelle bien présente les rend vulnérables.

Pourquoi ces êtres hors normes éprouvent-ils des doutes?

Le terme haut potentiel peut laisser sous-entendre que ces enfants possèdent quelque chose «en plus», comparés aux autres enfants. Plus concrètement, cela porte à croire qu’ils ont toutes les chances de réussir dans leur vie.

Sachant que les hauts potentiels sont perfectionnistes et exigeants envers eux-mêmes, on peut se poser les questions suivantes: Comment atteindre un objectif, en intégrant la notion du parfait, alors que la perfection même n’existe pas?

Et si la réussite escomptée n’est pas au rendez-vous, a-t-on l’impression de gâcher ce potentiel? Comment les hauts potentiels sont-ils perçus par les autres enfants? Autant de réflexions, de contradictions qui nourrissent la culpabilité des HP, leurs états de stress, leurs démons.

Quels types de difficultés sont régulièrement rencontrés?

C’est pendant la scolarité que les problèmes se font sentir. Le premier diagnostic est souvent posé à cette étape de la vie. Prenons l’exemple de Sacha, 10 ans aujourd’hui. Enfant joyeux, curieux, émouvant et toujours actif, Sacha et sa famille ont fait face à un début de dépression lorsqu’il était âgé de 4 ans seulement. Pendant les week-ends, Sacha se conduisait comme un enfant épanoui et heureux.

Toujours partant pour les activités, plein d’humour et éveillé. Arrive alors le lundi matin. Sacha se sent moins en forme. Il communique peu. Se renferme. Ses parents le retrouvent le vendredi et comme chaque fin de semaine, Sacha est littéralement éteint. Cette situation dure depuis trop longtemps. Malgré une sollicitation auprès de l’école, le mal-être de Sacha n’est pas détecté.

En revanche, son comportement se fait remarquer. Il s’ennuie, manque de concentration, ne partage pas la même notion de justice que son maître d’école. Il devient muet, parfois très agressif; il se sent seul, incompris. Après des mois et diverses demandes d’aides extérieures, le diagnostic est posé. Sacha, dont le QI est nettement supérieur à 130, fait partie de ces 2,3% de la population. Sacha est un enfant à haut potentiel. Il est dorénavant pris en charge dans une structure adaptée à son mode de fonctionnement.

Quels risques pour les HP?

Le cas de Sacha a pu être détecté précocement. Par manque de sensibilisation ou par sous-estime de soi, certains jeunes adolescents non dépistés se confrontent à une société qui les rejette. Résultats catastrophiques, comportements borderline, incompréhension des proches, manque de soutien, il existe trop souvent des cas d’exclusion.

Les jeunes adolescents se retrouvent au pied du mur, ils sont rejetés. Couper leur cerveau avec la drogue, l’alcool, les sports extrême ou une vie dangereuse est souvent synonyme d’échappatoire.

Comment prévenir?

La formule magique n’existe pas. Un accompagnement personnalisé et cadré ainsi qu’une éducation appliquée entre les murs de l’école ou de la maison sont plus que primordiaux. Imposer un cadre et des limites, se montrer moins sévère, plus tolérant, compréhensif, ouvert d’esprit, sont les clés pour permettre à son enfant d’exprimer sa différence et de l’accepter.

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