Blog

Blog

Cinq façons d'aider les enfants à mieux se repérer dans l'espace

Publié le 13 août 2019 à 15:40

Cinq façons d’aider les enfants à mieux se repérer dans l’espace

Auteurs

Kym Simoncini

Assistant Professor in Early Childhood and Primary Education, University of Canberra

Tracy Logan

Assistant Professor, University of Canberra

Les puzzles apprennent aux enfants à jongler avec toute une série de paramètres spatiaux.

Quand nous devons lire un plan, préparer le coffre de la voiture pour les vacances, monter un meuble en kit ou découper un gâteau en parts égales, nous faisons appel à des compétences en raisonnement spatial.

Celles-ci nous permettent de manipuler mentalement des objets ou d’inclure dans nos paramètres de réflexion les notions d’espace, de position, de surface et de taille.

Ce type de raisonnement est important non seulement dans la vie de tous les jours mais également quand on veut embrasser une carrière dans les sciences, la technologie, l’ingénierie ou les maths.

L’aisance d’un enfant en matière de raisonnement spatial est l’un des meilleurs moyens de prédire s’il se tournera vers un métier scientifique ou technique. Ces compétences sont tout particulièrement en jeu dans les emplois où l’on doit par exemple lire et créer des images graphiques ou ultra-sonores, des dessins techniques et des plans d’architecte, ou même les coupes transversales d’un système de chauffage et de plomberie.

Elles vont de pair avec de bonnes aptitudes en maths. De fait, les facilités en maths des enfants en bas âge sont un indice bien plus sûr de leur future réussite scolaire que leur précocité en lecture ou leurs qualités sociales et émotionnelles.

La bonne nouvelle, en ce qui concerne les compétences de raisonnement spatial, c’est qu’elles sont malléables. En d’autres termes, on peut les améliorer en les pratiquant.

Il y a beaucoup d’activités amusantes et faciles que les parents ou éducateurs peuvent faire avec leurs enfants pour les aider à aiguiser ce type de raisonnement. En voici cinq fondées sur les enseignements de la recherche.

Jouer avec des cubes

Alors qu’on sait en général que les jeux de cubes développent la motricité fine, les compétences sociales, linguistiques et cognitives, peu de gens sont conscients qu’ils sont étroitement liés au raisonnement dans l’espace.

Les enfants qui jouent avec des cubes ou des briques de construction ont plus de facilités à se repérer dans l’espace que les autres enfants. Cette activité suppose en effet de savoir gérer une multitude de pièces à tourner, déplacer et repositionner. Les jeux dans lesquels les enfants doivent reproduire une structure donnée à partir d’instructions sont tout particulièrement utiles.

Tout en jouant, on utilise aussi un vocabulaire spécifique – avec des propositions comme « à côté de », « au-dessus de », « en dessous de » – ce qui est important pour élaborer des représentations. En fait, les enfants et les adultes ont beaucoup plus recours à ces expressions dans ce type de jeux que dans les autres, y compris les jeux d’imitation (jouer à la marchande, au prof, au chef cuisinier…;), les jeux avec des figurines ou les jeux de balles.

Développer leur vocabulaire

Le langage est un appui important pour raisonner dans l’espace. Plus les enfants entendent ce vocabulaire spécifique, plus ils l’intégreront. Les enfants qui ont les connaissances les plus étendues dans le domaine sont susceptibles de mieux se repérer dans l’espace en grandissant.

Les parents peuvent contribuer à cette facilité d’expression en utilisant des mots pour décrire les objets d’après :

leurs dimensions (grand, petit, court, large, étroit)

leur forme (cercle, carré, triangle, ovale, rectangle)

leurs propriétés (rond, droit, courbe, pointu)

Quand vous demandez à des enfants de ranger leurs affaires, soyez aussi précis que possible sur les emplacements. Dites-leur par exemple de « jeter la boîte dans la poubelle de recyclage », de « déposer les livres sur l’étagère » ou de « mettre la pâte à modeler à côté du micro-ondes ».

Faire des puzzles

À l’instar de ce qui se passe avec les cubes, il existe des liens bénéfiques entre la pratique des puzzles et l’aptitude à se situer dans l’espace. Les enfants qui font des puzzles ont plus de facilités pour se repérer que ceux qui n’en font pas. Comme dans les jeux de briques, il faut en effet tourner et déplacer simultanément un grand nombre de pièces.

Lorsque des enfants se lancent dans un puzzle, nous pouvons les encourager à persévérer et les aider à imaginer quelles pièces pourraient convenir, soit en se basant sur leurs formes (« il nous faut une pièce avec un bord plat »;), soit en visualisant les éléments manquants de l’image (« nous avons besoin de feuilles couleur vert clair »;).

Assurons-nous aussi que la taille du puzzle n’excède pas leurs capacités – il faut que ce ne soit pas trop facile mais pas trop dur non plus. Combien d’entre nous n’ont-ils pas renoncé à un puzzle de 1 000 pièces représentant pour 800 d’entre elles le ciel ou la mer ?

Utiliser des plans

Des cartes, il y en a tout autour de nous. Elles figurent les liens spatiaux entre les objets dans le monde réel. Les plus jeunes adorent regarder et créer des plans. Des études auprès d’enfants d’âge pré-scolaire ont montré que la consultation et l’usage de plans aidaient les enfants à mieux circuler quand ils doivent se retrouver dans un dédale d’objets.

Des jeux comme les chasses au trésor à partir de cartes et de symboles directionnels (à gauche, à droit, en haut, en bas, vers le nord ou le sud) sont un moyen divertissant d’aider les enfants à raisonner dans l’espace.

Explorer et créer des cartes de toutes sortes, depuis des planisphères aux plans de centres commerciaux, en passant par les plans de quartier, voilà qui aide à comprendre comment le monde qui nous entoure peut se représenter de différentes façons et à différentes échelles. Les cartes à déplier et les cartes numériques comme Google Maps et Google Earth sont de merveilleuses ressources.

Donner de l’importance aux gestes

Beaucoup de gens s’expriment en faisant des gestes, et c’est particulièrement vrai quand ils parlent d’espace, par exemple quand il s’agit d’indiquer des directions.

D’autres recherches montrent que les professions scientifiques et techniques font la part belle aux gestes quand il s’agit de résoudre des problèmes liés à l’espace et que les étudiants exposés à cette gestuelle pendant leur formation s’en sortent mieux face aux tâches à résoudre.

Les enfants devraient être encouragés à se servir de leurs mains quand ils doivent expliquer des mouvements ou indiquer des lieux ou des objets. Et les parents peuvent leur montrer l’exemple.

Traduit de l’anglais par Aurélie Djavadi.

Catégories : Aucun

Publier un commentaire

Oups !

Oops, you forgot something.

Oups !

Les mots que vous avez saisis ne correspondent pas au texte affiché. Veuillez réessayer.

6699 commentaires

Répondre supreme clothing
à 8:13 le 9 mars 2021 
My wife and i ended up being now delighted when Raymond could finish up his web research because of the precious recommendations he made when using the web pages. It's not at all simplistic to simply possibly be giving out key points which many others might have been trying to sell. And we also do know we've got you to give thanks to for this. The type of explanations you made, the simple website menu, the friendships you give support to create - it is most astonishing, and it's assisting our son in addition to our family feel that this theme is interesting, which is very fundamental. Thank you for all the pieces!
supreme clothing http://www.supremeclothing.us.org
Répondre nike off white
à 8:30 le 9 mars 2021 
I'm commenting to make you know of the helpful discovery my cousin's child developed going through your web site. She discovered some pieces, with the inclusion of what it's like to have a very effective teaching nature to have certain people just learn about specified impossible subject matter. You actually exceeded my expectations. Thank you for showing the valuable, safe, revealing and also unique tips about your topic to Kate.
nike off white http://www.offwhiteshoes.us.com
Répondre yeezy boost 350
à 9:31 le 9 mars 2021 
I wanted to write you a little bit of remark to say thanks a lot as before relating to the incredible views you have featured on this page. It is really remarkably generous of people like you to deliver unhampered what numerous people would've distributed as an electronic book to help with making some cash for themselves, specifically considering that you might have tried it if you ever decided. Those tips additionally worked to provide a great way to comprehend many people have the same dream the same as my own to find out whole lot more on the topic of this problem. I believe there are a lot more pleasant times up front for individuals that check out your blog post.
yeezy boost 350 http://www.adidasyeezyboost350.us.com
Répondre golden goose sneakers
à 9:59 le 9 mars 2021 
I must voice my respect for your kindness supporting men who require guidance on this one question. Your real commitment to getting the solution across appears to be definitely productive and has encouraged individuals much like me to arrive at their goals. This insightful tutorial can mean so much a person like me and even more to my colleagues. Regards; from everyone of us.
golden goose sneakers http://www.goldengoosessale.com
Répondre birkin bag
à 12:27 le 9 mars 2021 
I am commenting to make you understand what a amazing experience my friend's princess enjoyed going through your web page. She figured out such a lot of pieces, which include how it is like to possess a wonderful giving nature to make men and women clearly have an understanding of some problematic things. You really exceeded my expectations. Many thanks for displaying the powerful, safe, revealing not to mention easy guidance on the topic to Janet.
birkin bag http://www.hermesbirkinbags.us.com
Répondre kawhi leonard shoes
à 16:24 le 9 mars 2021 
Thank you for all of the work on this blog. My niece enjoys doing investigations and it is easy to understand why. A lot of people hear all of the compelling ways you give insightful strategies by means of this blog and in addition inspire response from other individuals on this point then my child is really being taught a whole lot. Take pleasure in the remaining portion of the year. You have been performing a great job.
kawhi leonard shoes http://www.kawhileonardshoes.us
Répondre cheap jordans
à 16:32 le 9 mars 2021 
I'm also commenting to let you understand what a exceptional experience my wife's child experienced visiting yuor web blog. She realized too many things, which include what it's like to possess an excellent coaching style to get most people without difficulty comprehend selected complicated topics. You actually exceeded her expected results. Many thanks for giving the helpful, trustworthy, edifying not to mention easy tips about this topic to Ethel.
cheap jordans http://www.cheap-airjordans.us.com
Répondre nike shox
à 20:24 le 9 mars 2021 
I want to show some appreciation to the writer for bailing me out of such a crisis. Just after surfing around throughout the the net and getting tricks that were not helpful, I assumed my entire life was gone. Living devoid of the solutions to the issues you have resolved by way of your main site is a serious case, and ones which might have adversely damaged my career if I hadn't discovered your web page. Your own personal skills and kindness in dealing with every item was valuable. I am not sure what I would have done if I had not come across such a stuff like this. I can also at this point look ahead to my future. Thank you so much for the reliable and sensible guide. I won't hesitate to recommend the sites to any individual who requires assistance about this issue.
nike shox http://www.nike-shox.us.com
Répondre supreme clothing
à 21:32 le 9 mars 2021 
My husband and i felt very comfortable when Emmanuel could deal with his basic research through the entire precious recommendations he obtained using your site. It's not at all simplistic to simply choose to be giving away secrets and techniques the others have been selling. We really consider we need you to appreciate because of that. The most important illustrations you've made, the easy web site menu, the relationships you assist to engender - it's all extraordinary, and it's leading our son in addition to the family believe that the subject matter is satisfying, which is tremendously pressing. Many thanks for all!
supreme clothing http://www.supremeclothings.com
Répondre golden goose outlet
à 23:10 le 9 mars 2021 
I wanted to put you that tiny word in order to say thanks over again relating to the spectacular pointers you have discussed at this time. This is really shockingly open-handed of people like you to allow freely precisely what a few individuals could have supplied for an e book to end up making some cash on their own, and in particular since you might well have tried it if you ever wanted. The basics likewise worked to become great way to comprehend other people online have similar zeal really like my very own to grasp great deal more on the subject of this issue. I am sure there are thousands of more pleasant situations in the future for those who looked over your site.
golden goose outlet http://www.goldengooseoutletstore.com
Répondre golden goose
à 3:23 le 10 mars 2021 
I must express appreciation to you for bailing me out of such a scenario. After looking throughout the world wide web and finding things which are not productive, I thought my life was well over. Being alive without the approaches to the problems you have fixed all through your entire report is a critical case, as well as ones which could have negatively damaged my entire career if I hadn't noticed your site. Your actual knowledge and kindness in touching all the things was helpful. I am not sure what I would have done if I had not come upon such a step like this. I can also at this point look forward to my future. Thanks a lot very much for the professional and amazing guide. I will not be reluctant to refer your web site to anybody who desires tips about this topic.
golden goose http://www.goldengooses.us
Répondre golden goose sneakers
à 4:22 le 10 mars 2021 
I precisely needed to thank you very much all over again. I'm not certain the things I would've gone through in the absence of the type of tips and hints shared by you on that area of interest. It seemed to be a intimidating difficulty for me personally, however , seeing the very skilled fashion you solved it took me to weep over fulfillment. I'm just grateful for the help and wish you find out what an amazing job you're putting in educating men and women through the use of your web page. Most probably you've never encountered any of us.
golden goose sneakers http://www.goldengoosesneakers.us.com
Répondre yeezy 700
à 4:28 le 10 mars 2021 
Thank you so much for giving everyone an exceptionally superb opportunity to read from this website. It's usually so nice and also stuffed with a great time for me and my office mates to search your website at the very least thrice in a week to see the new guides you will have. And definitely, I am just always fulfilled with all the outstanding secrets you serve. Some 4 points in this post are truly the best I have ever had.
yeezy 700 http://www.yeezys700.com
Répondre kyrie irving shoes
à 4:47 le 10 mars 2021 
I and also my guys have been reviewing the best tactics on your website and so then I got a terrible feeling I had not expressed respect to the site owner for them. My ladies became totally stimulated to read them and already have sincerely been using these things. Thank you for indeed being considerably considerate and for having these kinds of magnificent themes millions of individuals are really eager to be aware of. Our own honest apologies for not expressing gratitude to earlier.
kyrie irving shoes http://www.kyrieirving-shoes.us.com
Répondre bathing ape
à 4:47 le 10 mars 2021 
I precisely desired to thank you very much all over again. I am not sure the things that I could possibly have undertaken without the actual opinions shared by you directly on that area. Entirely was a real fearsome matter in my view, nevertheless spending time with the skilled avenue you resolved the issue took me to cry with gladness. I'm just happy for the information and in addition expect you find out what a great job you are always putting in educating others through your site. I am certain you have never come across any of us.
bathing ape http://www.bapes.us.org
Répondre kenzo
à 4:47 le 10 mars 2021 
I am also commenting to make you understand of the incredible discovery my friend's girl had using your webblog. She figured out some details, most notably what it's like to have a great giving mindset to have other people without hassle learn various advanced things. You undoubtedly surpassed readers' desires. I appreciate you for distributing the essential, healthy, explanatory not to mention unique tips about that topic to Ethel.
kenzo http://www.kenzos.us
Répondre nike kyrie 7
à 4:47 le 10 mars 2021 
I precisely wanted to appreciate you yet again. I am not sure the things I could possibly have used in the absence of the actual suggestions shown by you concerning that subject. This was a very frightful case in my opinion, nevertheless considering the very professional strategy you treated it made me to weep with contentment. I'm just thankful for the work as well as hope that you realize what a great job you're providing educating others thru your web page. Probably you've never come across any of us.
nike kyrie 7 http://www.kyrie-7.com
Répondre yeezy boost 350 v2
à 4:47 le 10 mars 2021 
My wife and i got so joyous when Raymond managed to complete his investigation out of the ideas he grabbed out of the web page. It's not at all simplistic just to possibly be freely giving helpful hints which usually other folks could have been making money from. And now we recognize we've got the website owner to give thanks to for this. The entire explanations you have made, the easy blog navigation, the relationships you help to instill - it's got everything great, and it is helping our son and us reckon that the matter is cool, and that's really indispensable. Many thanks for the whole thing!
yeezy boost 350 v2 http://www.yeezy-boost350.us.com
Répondre air jordans
à 4:47 le 10 mars 2021 
Thank you so much for providing individuals with an extremely remarkable chance to check tips from here. It really is very kind and also full of a great time for me and my office co-workers to search your website the equivalent of three times per week to see the latest secrets you have got. And definitely, I am also actually astounded concerning the excellent concepts you give. Some 2 areas in this posting are completely the finest we have ever had.
air jordans http://www.cheap-airjordans.us.com
Répondre lebron james shoes
à 4:47 le 10 mars 2021 
I would like to show some appreciation to this writer just for bailing me out of such a predicament. Just after looking out through the world-wide-web and coming across advice that were not helpful, I believed my life was done. Being alive without the presence of strategies to the problems you have solved by way of the website is a crucial case, as well as the ones which could have in a negative way damaged my entire career if I hadn't discovered your site. Your personal mastery and kindness in playing with the whole thing was valuable. I don't know what I would have done if I had not discovered such a stuff like this. I am able to at this time look forward to my future. Thanks so much for this professional and sensible guide. I won't hesitate to endorse your site to any individual who should have care about this subject.
lebron james shoes http://www.lebron18shoes.us
0