Blog

Blog

Cinq façons d'aider les enfants à mieux se repérer dans l'espace

Publié le 13 août 2019 à 15:40

Cinq façons d’aider les enfants à mieux se repérer dans l’espace

Auteurs

Kym Simoncini

Assistant Professor in Early Childhood and Primary Education, University of Canberra

Tracy Logan

Assistant Professor, University of Canberra

Les puzzles apprennent aux enfants à jongler avec toute une série de paramètres spatiaux.

Quand nous devons lire un plan, préparer le coffre de la voiture pour les vacances, monter un meuble en kit ou découper un gâteau en parts égales, nous faisons appel à des compétences en raisonnement spatial.

Celles-ci nous permettent de manipuler mentalement des objets ou d’inclure dans nos paramètres de réflexion les notions d’espace, de position, de surface et de taille.

Ce type de raisonnement est important non seulement dans la vie de tous les jours mais également quand on veut embrasser une carrière dans les sciences, la technologie, l’ingénierie ou les maths.

L’aisance d’un enfant en matière de raisonnement spatial est l’un des meilleurs moyens de prédire s’il se tournera vers un métier scientifique ou technique. Ces compétences sont tout particulièrement en jeu dans les emplois où l’on doit par exemple lire et créer des images graphiques ou ultra-sonores, des dessins techniques et des plans d’architecte, ou même les coupes transversales d’un système de chauffage et de plomberie.

Elles vont de pair avec de bonnes aptitudes en maths. De fait, les facilités en maths des enfants en bas âge sont un indice bien plus sûr de leur future réussite scolaire que leur précocité en lecture ou leurs qualités sociales et émotionnelles.

La bonne nouvelle, en ce qui concerne les compétences de raisonnement spatial, c’est qu’elles sont malléables. En d’autres termes, on peut les améliorer en les pratiquant.

Il y a beaucoup d’activités amusantes et faciles que les parents ou éducateurs peuvent faire avec leurs enfants pour les aider à aiguiser ce type de raisonnement. En voici cinq fondées sur les enseignements de la recherche.

Jouer avec des cubes

Alors qu’on sait en général que les jeux de cubes développent la motricité fine, les compétences sociales, linguistiques et cognitives, peu de gens sont conscients qu’ils sont étroitement liés au raisonnement dans l’espace.

Les enfants qui jouent avec des cubes ou des briques de construction ont plus de facilités à se repérer dans l’espace que les autres enfants. Cette activité suppose en effet de savoir gérer une multitude de pièces à tourner, déplacer et repositionner. Les jeux dans lesquels les enfants doivent reproduire une structure donnée à partir d’instructions sont tout particulièrement utiles.

Tout en jouant, on utilise aussi un vocabulaire spécifique – avec des propositions comme « à côté de », « au-dessus de », « en dessous de » – ce qui est important pour élaborer des représentations. En fait, les enfants et les adultes ont beaucoup plus recours à ces expressions dans ce type de jeux que dans les autres, y compris les jeux d’imitation (jouer à la marchande, au prof, au chef cuisinier…;), les jeux avec des figurines ou les jeux de balles.

Développer leur vocabulaire

Le langage est un appui important pour raisonner dans l’espace. Plus les enfants entendent ce vocabulaire spécifique, plus ils l’intégreront. Les enfants qui ont les connaissances les plus étendues dans le domaine sont susceptibles de mieux se repérer dans l’espace en grandissant.

Les parents peuvent contribuer à cette facilité d’expression en utilisant des mots pour décrire les objets d’après :

leurs dimensions (grand, petit, court, large, étroit)

leur forme (cercle, carré, triangle, ovale, rectangle)

leurs propriétés (rond, droit, courbe, pointu)

Quand vous demandez à des enfants de ranger leurs affaires, soyez aussi précis que possible sur les emplacements. Dites-leur par exemple de « jeter la boîte dans la poubelle de recyclage », de « déposer les livres sur l’étagère » ou de « mettre la pâte à modeler à côté du micro-ondes ».

Faire des puzzles

À l’instar de ce qui se passe avec les cubes, il existe des liens bénéfiques entre la pratique des puzzles et l’aptitude à se situer dans l’espace. Les enfants qui font des puzzles ont plus de facilités pour se repérer que ceux qui n’en font pas. Comme dans les jeux de briques, il faut en effet tourner et déplacer simultanément un grand nombre de pièces.

Lorsque des enfants se lancent dans un puzzle, nous pouvons les encourager à persévérer et les aider à imaginer quelles pièces pourraient convenir, soit en se basant sur leurs formes (« il nous faut une pièce avec un bord plat »;), soit en visualisant les éléments manquants de l’image (« nous avons besoin de feuilles couleur vert clair »;).

Assurons-nous aussi que la taille du puzzle n’excède pas leurs capacités – il faut que ce ne soit pas trop facile mais pas trop dur non plus. Combien d’entre nous n’ont-ils pas renoncé à un puzzle de 1 000 pièces représentant pour 800 d’entre elles le ciel ou la mer ?

Utiliser des plans

Des cartes, il y en a tout autour de nous. Elles figurent les liens spatiaux entre les objets dans le monde réel. Les plus jeunes adorent regarder et créer des plans. Des études auprès d’enfants d’âge pré-scolaire ont montré que la consultation et l’usage de plans aidaient les enfants à mieux circuler quand ils doivent se retrouver dans un dédale d’objets.

Des jeux comme les chasses au trésor à partir de cartes et de symboles directionnels (à gauche, à droit, en haut, en bas, vers le nord ou le sud) sont un moyen divertissant d’aider les enfants à raisonner dans l’espace.

Explorer et créer des cartes de toutes sortes, depuis des planisphères aux plans de centres commerciaux, en passant par les plans de quartier, voilà qui aide à comprendre comment le monde qui nous entoure peut se représenter de différentes façons et à différentes échelles. Les cartes à déplier et les cartes numériques comme Google Maps et Google Earth sont de merveilleuses ressources.

Donner de l’importance aux gestes

Beaucoup de gens s’expriment en faisant des gestes, et c’est particulièrement vrai quand ils parlent d’espace, par exemple quand il s’agit d’indiquer des directions.

D’autres recherches montrent que les professions scientifiques et techniques font la part belle aux gestes quand il s’agit de résoudre des problèmes liés à l’espace et que les étudiants exposés à cette gestuelle pendant leur formation s’en sortent mieux face aux tâches à résoudre.

Les enfants devraient être encouragés à se servir de leurs mains quand ils doivent expliquer des mouvements ou indiquer des lieux ou des objets. Et les parents peuvent leur montrer l’exemple.

Traduit de l’anglais par Aurélie Djavadi.

Catégories : Aucun

Publier un commentaire

Oups !

Oops, you forgot something.

Oups !

Les mots que vous avez saisis ne correspondent pas au texte affiché. Veuillez réessayer.

6699 commentaires

Répondre moncler outlet
à 13:04 le 9 mai 2021 
I am just writing to let you be aware of what a helpful encounter my friend's daughter had reading through your webblog. She realized plenty of things, including how it is like to possess an awesome coaching character to have folks really easily master chosen tricky things. You actually surpassed people's expected results. Thank you for displaying the necessary, trusted, explanatory and also unique tips about that topic to Tanya.
moncler outlet http://www.monclercoat.us.com
Répondre kyrie 4
à 13:05 le 9 mai 2021 
I needed to write you a tiny observation to help say thanks a lot over again over the pretty thoughts you've discussed on this website. It's simply open-handed of you to allow unhampered precisely what many of us would have advertised as an electronic book to generate some bucks for their own end, particularly given that you might have tried it in the event you desired. The basics in addition served like a great way to fully grasp that other people online have the identical dreams like mine to know the truth significantly more regarding this condition. I'm sure there are lots of more pleasurable instances ahead for folks who find out your site.
kyrie 4 http://www.kyrie4shoes.us
Répondre lebron james shoes
à 13:57 le 9 mai 2021 
I precisely wished to thank you very much once more. I do not know the things that I could possibly have handled in the absence of those suggestions revealed by you directly on that situation. This was a very hard concern in my view, however , considering a new skilled way you processed it took me to cry over fulfillment. I am just grateful for your service and thus hope that you find out what a great job you have been doing teaching the mediocre ones thru your web site. I am certain you haven't met all of us.
lebron james shoes http://www.lebronjames.us.com
Répondre yeezy 350
à 14:03 le 9 mai 2021 
I wanted to post you the tiny word to finally thank you very much over again over the awesome guidelines you've provided on this site. It's shockingly open-handed of you to deliver openly precisely what a few people could possibly have offered for sale for an electronic book to help with making some profit for themselves, precisely seeing that you might well have done it if you wanted. Those strategies also acted like a easy way to comprehend someone else have the identical eagerness like my own to know much more on the subject of this condition. I am sure there are some more pleasant instances in the future for individuals who see your website.
yeezy 350 http://www.yeezyboost350v2s.us
Répondre yeezy boost 350
à 14:04 le 9 mai 2021 
My husband and i got quite more than happy when Louis managed to carry out his analysis while using the ideas he acquired in your web page. It's not at all simplistic just to always be freely giving techniques people have been selling. We already know we have got the blog owner to thank for that. Most of the illustrations you made, the simple website menu, the relationships you give support to promote - it's got everything astounding, and it's making our son and the family do think the theme is thrilling, and that is quite essential. Many thanks for all!
yeezy boost 350 http://www.yeezy-350.us.com
Répondre curry shoes
à 14:05 le 9 mai 2021 
I have to point out my love for your kindness supporting all those that should have assistance with your study. Your real commitment to passing the solution all around was extraordinarily insightful and have continuously helped girls much like me to reach their desired goals. Your interesting help denotes much a person like me and additionally to my peers. Many thanks; from everyone of us.
curry shoes http://www.stephcurry.us
Répondre yeezy
à 14:05 le 9 mai 2021 
I just wanted to write a word to express gratitude to you for those awesome points you are giving out on this website. My long internet search has at the end of the day been recognized with really good content to exchange with my great friends. I would assume that we visitors are undoubtedly blessed to be in a wonderful network with many brilliant professionals with useful tips and hints. I feel rather grateful to have seen your entire web site and look forward to many more entertaining moments reading here. Thanks a lot once again for everything.
yeezy http://www.yeezysus.com
Répondre westbrook shoes
à 14:06 le 9 mai 2021 
I'm writing to let you be aware of what a impressive experience my friend's girl enjoyed viewing your blog. She even learned plenty of things, most notably what it's like to have a very effective giving mood to get the mediocre ones easily learn several advanced issues. You truly exceeded visitors' expectations. Many thanks for imparting these beneficial, healthy, revealing and even cool guidance on that topic to Kate.
westbrook shoes http://www.russellwestbrookshoes.us
Répondre supreme hoodie
à 14:51 le 9 mai 2021 
I wanted to compose you the very little observation to be able to say thanks once again considering the spectacular secrets you have discussed on this website. It is certainly shockingly generous with people like you giving openly precisely what many of us could have marketed for an e book to help with making some profit for their own end, mostly considering the fact that you could possibly have done it if you ever considered necessary. These points in addition served as a easy way to be certain that many people have the identical keenness really like my own to know many more related to this condition. I believe there are millions of more pleasant sessions up front for those who discover your blog post.
supreme hoodie http://www.supremeclothings.us.com
Répondre yeezy
à 15:35 le 9 mai 2021 
I have to show my thanks to this writer just for rescuing me from this type of incident. Right after looking out throughout the search engines and coming across thoughts that were not powerful, I thought my entire life was gone. Living minus the answers to the issues you have sorted out by means of the site is a crucial case, as well as the kind which might have badly damaged my career if I had not discovered your web page. Your primary know-how and kindness in handling all things was very helpful. I don't know what I would have done if I hadn't discovered such a solution like this. I'm able to at this moment relish my future. Thank you very much for this skilled and amazing guide. I will not think twice to refer your web site to anyone who needs to have recommendations on this area.
yeezy http://www.yeezyshoessupply.com
Répondre jordan 13
à 16:18 le 9 mai 2021 
My spouse and i were very fulfilled Louis could round up his research from your ideas he grabbed in your site. It is now and again perplexing just to find yourself making a gift of tips other people might have been selling. And we all discover we have got the blog owner to be grateful to because of that. The main explanations you've made, the simple web site menu, the friendships you aid to engender - it's many fantastic, and it's helping our son in addition to us understand this subject matter is pleasurable, and that is highly important. Thank you for all the pieces!
jordan 13 http://www.jordan13.us.com
Répondre yeezy 700
à 16:19 le 9 mai 2021 
I must voice my love for your generosity in support of people that absolutely need help with this one field. Your personal dedication to getting the message across had been unbelievably informative and have specifically empowered regular people like me to get to their ambitions. Your entire warm and helpful useful information means much a person like me and far more to my mates. Thank you; from each one of us.
yeezy 700 http://www.yeezy700.us.com
Répondre yeezy boost 350 v2
à 16:32 le 9 mai 2021 
I would like to show my appreciation to this writer just for rescuing me from this type of scenario. Just after scouting throughout the internet and obtaining recommendations which are not beneficial, I was thinking my life was done. Being alive devoid of the strategies to the problems you've sorted out all through your entire posting is a critical case, and the kind that would have in a wrong way damaged my career if I hadn't encountered your web site. Your expertise and kindness in taking care of all the details was crucial. I am not sure what I would have done if I had not discovered such a solution like this. I am able to at this moment look ahead to my future. Thanks so much for your high quality and effective guide. I won't think twice to recommend your web blog to anyone who should receive support on this area.
yeezy boost 350 v2 http://www.yeezy-boost350.us.com
Répondre jordan 11
à 16:47 le 9 mai 2021 
I wish to express some thanks to this writer just for rescuing me from this difficulty. After scouting throughout the the web and obtaining ideas which were not beneficial, I was thinking my entire life was well over. Existing without the presence of strategies to the issues you have resolved as a result of your article is a crucial case, as well as ones that could have in a wrong way damaged my entire career if I had not encountered your web blog. Your own personal skills and kindness in dealing with everything was helpful. I am not sure what I would've done if I had not discovered such a solution like this. It's possible to at this point relish my future. Thank you so much for this specialized and amazing guide. I won't think twice to recommend your web site to any person who requires direction about this subject matter.
jordan 11 http://www.jordan11retro.us.com
Répondre a bathing ape
à 17:06 le 9 mai 2021 
I as well as my guys were found to be taking note of the best secrets and techniques located on your website and all of the sudden I had an awful suspicion I had not expressed respect to the site owner for those tips. The young boys had been for this reason joyful to read them and now have in actuality been taking advantage of them. Many thanks for being so accommodating and then for picking this sort of nice guides most people are really desperate to be aware of. My very own honest apologies for not expressing gratitude to sooner.
a bathing ape http://www.bathing-ape.us
Répondre yeezy boost
à 18:39 le 9 mai 2021 
I have to show my appreciation to the writer for rescuing me from this particular matter. Right after searching through the the web and obtaining opinions which are not beneficial, I was thinking my life was over. Living devoid of the strategies to the issues you have fixed by means of your posting is a crucial case, and the ones that could have in a wrong way affected my career if I hadn't come across your site. That capability and kindness in touching all the stuff was vital. I am not sure what I would have done if I had not discovered such a solution like this. I can also at this point relish my future. Thanks a lot so much for your reliable and results-oriented help. I will not hesitate to refer your blog post to anyone who needs care on this matter.
yeezy boost http://www.yeezy-boost.us.com
Répondre hermes handbags
à 18:41 le 9 mai 2021 
I'm also writing to let you be aware of what a useful encounter our child went through visiting your blog. She picked up so many details, not to mention what it's like to possess an ideal coaching spirit to have other folks clearly fully understand some complex matters. You really surpassed people's expected results. Many thanks for rendering such warm and helpful, safe, explanatory and even fun tips about that topic to Emily.
hermes handbags http://www.hermes-handbags.us.com
Répondre golden goose
à 18:41 le 9 mai 2021 
I'm just commenting to make you understand what a beneficial experience our child went through visiting the blog. She learned plenty of details, which included what it is like to possess a marvelous helping heart to let many more without difficulty gain knowledge of various multifaceted subject matter. You truly surpassed her expectations. Thank you for presenting these helpful, trusted, educational and unique guidance on the topic to Lizeth.
golden goose http://www.golden-gooses.com
Répondre lebron 17
à 18:49 le 9 mai 2021 
I'm also commenting to let you be aware of of the exceptional encounter my princess encountered reading yuor web blog. She discovered lots of pieces, with the inclusion of what it's like to have an excellent teaching mood to have folks with ease learn a number of multifaceted topics. You actually exceeded readers' expectations. Many thanks for presenting such insightful, trustworthy, revealing and as well as easy guidance on that topic to Evelyn.
lebron 17 http://www.lebron17s.us
Répondre curry 6 shoes
à 18:56 le 9 mai 2021 
My spouse and i felt quite joyous that Albert managed to deal with his reports from the ideas he got through your web pages. It's not at all simplistic to simply find yourself offering tips and hints other folks might have been making money from. And we also fully understand we've got the blog owner to appreciate because of that. The most important illustrations you have made, the easy web site menu, the friendships you can assist to create - it's got everything amazing, and it is making our son in addition to our family imagine that this matter is amusing, and that is extraordinarily vital. Many thanks for all the pieces!
curry 6 shoes http://www.curry-6.us
0