Blog

Blog

Cinq façons d'aider les enfants à mieux se repérer dans l'espace

Publié le 13 août 2019 à 15:40

Cinq façons d’aider les enfants à mieux se repérer dans l’espace

Auteurs

Kym Simoncini

Assistant Professor in Early Childhood and Primary Education, University of Canberra

Tracy Logan

Assistant Professor, University of Canberra

Les puzzles apprennent aux enfants à jongler avec toute une série de paramètres spatiaux.

Quand nous devons lire un plan, préparer le coffre de la voiture pour les vacances, monter un meuble en kit ou découper un gâteau en parts égales, nous faisons appel à des compétences en raisonnement spatial.

Celles-ci nous permettent de manipuler mentalement des objets ou d’inclure dans nos paramètres de réflexion les notions d’espace, de position, de surface et de taille.

Ce type de raisonnement est important non seulement dans la vie de tous les jours mais également quand on veut embrasser une carrière dans les sciences, la technologie, l’ingénierie ou les maths.

L’aisance d’un enfant en matière de raisonnement spatial est l’un des meilleurs moyens de prédire s’il se tournera vers un métier scientifique ou technique. Ces compétences sont tout particulièrement en jeu dans les emplois où l’on doit par exemple lire et créer des images graphiques ou ultra-sonores, des dessins techniques et des plans d’architecte, ou même les coupes transversales d’un système de chauffage et de plomberie.

Elles vont de pair avec de bonnes aptitudes en maths. De fait, les facilités en maths des enfants en bas âge sont un indice bien plus sûr de leur future réussite scolaire que leur précocité en lecture ou leurs qualités sociales et émotionnelles.

La bonne nouvelle, en ce qui concerne les compétences de raisonnement spatial, c’est qu’elles sont malléables. En d’autres termes, on peut les améliorer en les pratiquant.

Il y a beaucoup d’activités amusantes et faciles que les parents ou éducateurs peuvent faire avec leurs enfants pour les aider à aiguiser ce type de raisonnement. En voici cinq fondées sur les enseignements de la recherche.

Jouer avec des cubes

Alors qu’on sait en général que les jeux de cubes développent la motricité fine, les compétences sociales, linguistiques et cognitives, peu de gens sont conscients qu’ils sont étroitement liés au raisonnement dans l’espace.

Les enfants qui jouent avec des cubes ou des briques de construction ont plus de facilités à se repérer dans l’espace que les autres enfants. Cette activité suppose en effet de savoir gérer une multitude de pièces à tourner, déplacer et repositionner. Les jeux dans lesquels les enfants doivent reproduire une structure donnée à partir d’instructions sont tout particulièrement utiles.

Tout en jouant, on utilise aussi un vocabulaire spécifique – avec des propositions comme « à côté de », « au-dessus de », « en dessous de » – ce qui est important pour élaborer des représentations. En fait, les enfants et les adultes ont beaucoup plus recours à ces expressions dans ce type de jeux que dans les autres, y compris les jeux d’imitation (jouer à la marchande, au prof, au chef cuisinier…;), les jeux avec des figurines ou les jeux de balles.

Développer leur vocabulaire

Le langage est un appui important pour raisonner dans l’espace. Plus les enfants entendent ce vocabulaire spécifique, plus ils l’intégreront. Les enfants qui ont les connaissances les plus étendues dans le domaine sont susceptibles de mieux se repérer dans l’espace en grandissant.

Les parents peuvent contribuer à cette facilité d’expression en utilisant des mots pour décrire les objets d’après :

leurs dimensions (grand, petit, court, large, étroit)

leur forme (cercle, carré, triangle, ovale, rectangle)

leurs propriétés (rond, droit, courbe, pointu)

Quand vous demandez à des enfants de ranger leurs affaires, soyez aussi précis que possible sur les emplacements. Dites-leur par exemple de « jeter la boîte dans la poubelle de recyclage », de « déposer les livres sur l’étagère » ou de « mettre la pâte à modeler à côté du micro-ondes ».

Faire des puzzles

À l’instar de ce qui se passe avec les cubes, il existe des liens bénéfiques entre la pratique des puzzles et l’aptitude à se situer dans l’espace. Les enfants qui font des puzzles ont plus de facilités pour se repérer que ceux qui n’en font pas. Comme dans les jeux de briques, il faut en effet tourner et déplacer simultanément un grand nombre de pièces.

Lorsque des enfants se lancent dans un puzzle, nous pouvons les encourager à persévérer et les aider à imaginer quelles pièces pourraient convenir, soit en se basant sur leurs formes (« il nous faut une pièce avec un bord plat »;), soit en visualisant les éléments manquants de l’image (« nous avons besoin de feuilles couleur vert clair »;).

Assurons-nous aussi que la taille du puzzle n’excède pas leurs capacités – il faut que ce ne soit pas trop facile mais pas trop dur non plus. Combien d’entre nous n’ont-ils pas renoncé à un puzzle de 1 000 pièces représentant pour 800 d’entre elles le ciel ou la mer ?

Utiliser des plans

Des cartes, il y en a tout autour de nous. Elles figurent les liens spatiaux entre les objets dans le monde réel. Les plus jeunes adorent regarder et créer des plans. Des études auprès d’enfants d’âge pré-scolaire ont montré que la consultation et l’usage de plans aidaient les enfants à mieux circuler quand ils doivent se retrouver dans un dédale d’objets.

Des jeux comme les chasses au trésor à partir de cartes et de symboles directionnels (à gauche, à droit, en haut, en bas, vers le nord ou le sud) sont un moyen divertissant d’aider les enfants à raisonner dans l’espace.

Explorer et créer des cartes de toutes sortes, depuis des planisphères aux plans de centres commerciaux, en passant par les plans de quartier, voilà qui aide à comprendre comment le monde qui nous entoure peut se représenter de différentes façons et à différentes échelles. Les cartes à déplier et les cartes numériques comme Google Maps et Google Earth sont de merveilleuses ressources.

Donner de l’importance aux gestes

Beaucoup de gens s’expriment en faisant des gestes, et c’est particulièrement vrai quand ils parlent d’espace, par exemple quand il s’agit d’indiquer des directions.

D’autres recherches montrent que les professions scientifiques et techniques font la part belle aux gestes quand il s’agit de résoudre des problèmes liés à l’espace et que les étudiants exposés à cette gestuelle pendant leur formation s’en sortent mieux face aux tâches à résoudre.

Les enfants devraient être encouragés à se servir de leurs mains quand ils doivent expliquer des mouvements ou indiquer des lieux ou des objets. Et les parents peuvent leur montrer l’exemple.

Traduit de l’anglais par Aurélie Djavadi.

Catégories : Aucun

Publier un commentaire

Oups !

Oops, you forgot something.

Oups !

Les mots que vous avez saisis ne correspondent pas au texte affiché. Veuillez réessayer.

6692 commentaires

Répondre michael jordan shoes
à 16:18 le 2 février 2021 
I and also my guys have already been reading through the nice solutions found on your site while the sudden I got a terrible feeling I had not thanked you for those tips. The boys ended up as a result thrilled to read through them and have in effect clearly been using those things. Appreciate your being well thoughtful as well as for using this kind of ideal useful guides millions of individuals are really desperate to learn about. Our own honest regret for not expressing appreciation to you earlier.
michael jordan shoes http://www.michaeljordanshoes.us.com
Répondre golden goose
à 16:47 le 2 février 2021 
I have to express some appreciation to the writer just for bailing me out of this particular instance. Because of surfing around through the internet and obtaining opinions which are not productive, I believed my entire life was well over. Living minus the answers to the issues you've resolved all through your good article is a critical case, and those which may have in a wrong way affected my career if I hadn't encountered your web site. Your primary mastery and kindness in maneuvering all the details was useful. I'm not sure what I would have done if I had not come upon such a subject like this. It's possible to now look ahead to my future. Thank you so much for your specialized and amazing help. I will not think twice to endorse your web site to anybody who needs and wants guidelines about this subject matter.
golden goose http://www.goldengooseoutletonline.us.com
Répondre giannis antetokounmpo shoes
à 17:18 le 2 février 2021 
Thanks a lot for giving everyone an extremely remarkable chance to read from this site. It's always so brilliant and also jam-packed with amusement for me personally and my office peers to search your blog particularly three times in 7 days to learn the newest issues you have got. And lastly, I am also always satisfied with the splendid tips and hints served by you. Some 1 facts in this article are indeed the most suitable I've had.
giannis antetokounmpo shoes http://www.giannisantetokounmposhoes.us
Répondre supreme clothing
à 17:18 le 2 février 2021 
I precisely wanted to say thanks once more. I'm not certain the things I would've created without these pointers shared by you relating to this area. This was a real distressing case in my view, but being able to view the very skilled tactic you treated the issue took me to weep for fulfillment. Now i'm happier for the information and as well , hope that you comprehend what an amazing job you happen to be putting in training many people with the aid of a web site. Most likely you have never come across any of us.
supreme clothing http://www.supremeclothingstore.com
Répondre stephen curry shoes
à 17:19 le 2 février 2021 
Needed to compose you this bit of note to finally thank you very much as before for these pretty methods you have provided in this article. This has been really strangely generous with you in giving extensively all that a number of people could have offered for sale for an e book in making some money for their own end, certainly seeing that you might well have tried it in the event you considered necessary. Those tricks also acted to provide a great way to be sure that the rest have a similar passion like my own to realize a lot more pertaining to this condition. I am certain there are several more enjoyable instances up front for many who see your site.
stephen curry shoes http://www.curryshoes.us.com
Répondre curry 6
à 17:20 le 2 février 2021 
I as well as my pals were reading through the best guidelines found on your web blog then the sudden I had an awful suspicion I had not thanked you for those techniques. The guys appeared to be for that reason joyful to see all of them and have now in fact been enjoying them. Thanks for turning out to be very kind and then for deciding upon such good areas millions of individuals are really desperate to be informed on. Our own honest apologies for not expressing appreciation to you earlier.
curry 6 http://www.curry6shoes.us
Répondre yeezy
à 17:38 le 2 février 2021 
My husband and i were absolutely fulfilled Peter managed to finish up his reports via the ideas he discovered through your web page. It's not at all simplistic just to continually be offering methods people today could have been trying to sell. And we also consider we've got you to appreciate for that. Most of the explanations you have made, the straightforward web site menu, the relationships you will assist to instill - it's many powerful, and it's really making our son and us reason why this topic is thrilling, and that is exceedingly mandatory. Thank you for the whole lot!
yeezy http://www.yeezysus.com
Répondre kyrie irving shoes
à 19:12 le 2 février 2021 
I and my buddies were looking through the good guides found on your web blog and so the sudden got a horrible suspicion I never thanked the web site owner for them. Most of the women are actually totally passionate to read all of them and already have surely been having fun with those things. Many thanks for turning out to be simply helpful and also for using certain impressive subject areas millions of individuals are really desperate to be aware of. My honest apologies for not expressing appreciation to you earlier.
kyrie irving shoes http://www.kyrieirving-shoes.us.com
Répondre supreme hoodie
à 19:45 le 2 février 2021 
I wish to show some appreciation to this writer for rescuing me from this type of setting. Just after checking throughout the search engines and meeting basics that were not beneficial, I figured my life was well over. Existing minus the answers to the issues you have solved as a result of your site is a serious case, and the kind that would have adversely damaged my entire career if I hadn't noticed your web blog. Your actual skills and kindness in taking care of the whole lot was crucial. I'm not sure what I would've done if I had not come upon such a step like this. I'm able to now relish my future. Thanks for your time so much for the impressive and results-oriented help. I will not hesitate to suggest your blog to any individual who would need support about this area.
supreme hoodie http://www.supremeclothingsstore.com
Répondre lebron james shoes
à 19:45 le 2 février 2021 
I am also writing to make you be aware of of the magnificent experience my girl found using the blog. She mastered numerous details, which include how it is like to possess a marvelous coaching character to make folks without problems know a variety of problematic subject areas. You really exceeded visitors' expected results. Thanks for churning out the warm and friendly, trusted, informative and even unique guidance on the topic to Kate.
lebron james shoes http://www.lebronjames-shoes.us.com
Répondre longchamp handbags
à 19:45 le 2 février 2021 
Thank you a lot for giving everyone a very breathtaking chance to read critical reviews from this site. It really is so sweet and as well , packed with a great time for me personally and my office fellow workers to search your blog more than three times in 7 days to read the latest secrets you have. And lastly, we are actually impressed with your fabulous suggestions you give. Selected two ideas in this posting are truly the most effective I've ever had.
longchamp handbags http://www.handbagslongchamp.us
Répondre yeezy boost 350 v2
à 19:45 le 2 février 2021 
I wish to express thanks to the writer for bailing me out of such a crisis. After surfing throughout the world wide web and obtaining tips that were not pleasant, I figured my entire life was gone. Living without the presence of approaches to the difficulties you've fixed by means of your article is a serious case, as well as those which may have in a negative way affected my career if I had not come across your site. That competence and kindness in playing with every part was tremendous. I'm not sure what I would have done if I hadn't come upon such a stuff like this. It's possible to now look forward to my future. Thanks very much for this reliable and effective help. I will not be reluctant to propose your web blog to anyone who desires tips on this subject matter.
yeezy boost 350 v2 http://www.adidasyeezyboost350.us.com
Répondre air jordan
à 19:46 le 2 février 2021 
I am only writing to make you understand what a terrific encounter my friend's child obtained studying your webblog. She mastered so many issues, which include what it is like to have an amazing giving style to have men and women effortlessly know some complex matters. You really exceeded her expectations. I appreciate you for rendering these important, safe, revealing and even fun tips on the topic to Emily.
air jordan http://www.airjordansstore.com
Répondre jordan 6
à 19:46 le 2 février 2021 
I as well as my buddies happened to be examining the great hints located on your website and then all of the sudden I got a horrible feeling I had not expressed respect to the site owner for those tips. These people were definitely for this reason stimulated to read through them and have now sincerely been making the most of them. Thank you for actually being indeed considerate and for considering this sort of fantastic issues millions of individuals are really desperate to be informed on. Our sincere regret for not saying thanks to you sooner.
jordan 6 http://www.jordan6.us.com
Répondre goyard handbags
à 19:47 le 2 février 2021 
I wish to show my thanks to the writer for bailing me out of such a problem. Right after looking through the the web and getting notions which are not powerful, I thought my entire life was well over. Existing devoid of the strategies to the difficulties you've solved all through your good review is a critical case, and ones which may have negatively damaged my entire career if I had not discovered the website. Your talents and kindness in playing with all areas was helpful. I don't know what I would've done if I hadn't come upon such a solution like this. It's possible to at this moment relish my future. Thank you very much for the professional and effective help. I won't be reluctant to refer your web page to any individual who will need guidance about this topic.
goyard handbags http://www.goyardhandbag.us
Répondre golden goose sneakers
à 20:39 le 2 février 2021 
I am just writing to let you understand what a brilliant experience my wife's child encountered visiting your web page. She came to understand such a lot of details, including how it is like to possess a wonderful giving character to make others clearly master specific tricky subject matter. You undoubtedly did more than her expected results. Thanks for producing those useful, dependable, revealing and even unique guidance on the topic to Janet.
golden goose sneakers http://www.goldengoosessale.com
Répondre longchamp
à 20:50 le 2 février 2021 
I simply needed to thank you very much once again. I do not know the things that I would've implemented without the techniques provided by you regarding that industry. It absolutely was a traumatic concern in my position, however , looking at a specialised way you resolved it made me to jump with joy. I am just happier for this support and even trust you comprehend what an amazing job that you're undertaking instructing men and women all through your websites. I'm certain you haven't met all of us.
longchamp http://www.longchampoutlets.us
Répondre golden goose shoes
à 21:44 le 2 février 2021 
I wish to point out my affection for your kind-heartedness in support of folks who actually need assistance with this important field. Your very own commitment to passing the solution all around came to be surprisingly helpful and have constantly enabled professionals like me to arrive at their dreams. Your new warm and helpful recommendations implies so much to me and even more to my fellow workers. Thanks a ton; from all of us.
golden goose shoes http://www.goldengoose-shoes.us.com
Répondre yeezy 700
à 23:12 le 2 février 2021 
I want to voice my affection for your kind-heartedness in support of those people that require assistance with this field. Your personal commitment to passing the message all through became exceptionally helpful and have usually helped folks much like me to achieve their goals. Your own warm and helpful tutorial means a whole lot a person like me and still more to my peers. Thanks a lot; from all of us.
yeezy 700 http://www.yeezys700.com
Répondre off white clothing
à 0:55 le 3 février 2021 
My husband and i felt so comfortable when Louis managed to complete his analysis by way of the ideas he had through the blog. It is now and again perplexing to just continually be giving away secrets and techniques which usually a number of people may have been making money from. So we realize we've got the website owner to be grateful to for this. The specific illustrations you've made, the simple web site menu, the relationships your site aid to engender - it's got most impressive, and it's aiding our son in addition to us believe that the matter is cool, which is certainly unbelievably serious. Many thanks for all the pieces!
off white clothing http://www.offwhite.us.com
0