Blog

Blog

Cinq façons d'aider les enfants à mieux se repérer dans l'espace

Publié le 13 août 2019 à 15:40

Cinq façons d’aider les enfants à mieux se repérer dans l’espace

Auteurs

Kym Simoncini

Assistant Professor in Early Childhood and Primary Education, University of Canberra

Tracy Logan

Assistant Professor, University of Canberra

Les puzzles apprennent aux enfants à jongler avec toute une série de paramètres spatiaux.

Quand nous devons lire un plan, préparer le coffre de la voiture pour les vacances, monter un meuble en kit ou découper un gâteau en parts égales, nous faisons appel à des compétences en raisonnement spatial.

Celles-ci nous permettent de manipuler mentalement des objets ou d’inclure dans nos paramètres de réflexion les notions d’espace, de position, de surface et de taille.

Ce type de raisonnement est important non seulement dans la vie de tous les jours mais également quand on veut embrasser une carrière dans les sciences, la technologie, l’ingénierie ou les maths.

L’aisance d’un enfant en matière de raisonnement spatial est l’un des meilleurs moyens de prédire s’il se tournera vers un métier scientifique ou technique. Ces compétences sont tout particulièrement en jeu dans les emplois où l’on doit par exemple lire et créer des images graphiques ou ultra-sonores, des dessins techniques et des plans d’architecte, ou même les coupes transversales d’un système de chauffage et de plomberie.

Elles vont de pair avec de bonnes aptitudes en maths. De fait, les facilités en maths des enfants en bas âge sont un indice bien plus sûr de leur future réussite scolaire que leur précocité en lecture ou leurs qualités sociales et émotionnelles.

La bonne nouvelle, en ce qui concerne les compétences de raisonnement spatial, c’est qu’elles sont malléables. En d’autres termes, on peut les améliorer en les pratiquant.

Il y a beaucoup d’activités amusantes et faciles que les parents ou éducateurs peuvent faire avec leurs enfants pour les aider à aiguiser ce type de raisonnement. En voici cinq fondées sur les enseignements de la recherche.

Jouer avec des cubes

Alors qu’on sait en général que les jeux de cubes développent la motricité fine, les compétences sociales, linguistiques et cognitives, peu de gens sont conscients qu’ils sont étroitement liés au raisonnement dans l’espace.

Les enfants qui jouent avec des cubes ou des briques de construction ont plus de facilités à se repérer dans l’espace que les autres enfants. Cette activité suppose en effet de savoir gérer une multitude de pièces à tourner, déplacer et repositionner. Les jeux dans lesquels les enfants doivent reproduire une structure donnée à partir d’instructions sont tout particulièrement utiles.

Tout en jouant, on utilise aussi un vocabulaire spécifique – avec des propositions comme « à côté de », « au-dessus de », « en dessous de » – ce qui est important pour élaborer des représentations. En fait, les enfants et les adultes ont beaucoup plus recours à ces expressions dans ce type de jeux que dans les autres, y compris les jeux d’imitation (jouer à la marchande, au prof, au chef cuisinier…;), les jeux avec des figurines ou les jeux de balles.

Développer leur vocabulaire

Le langage est un appui important pour raisonner dans l’espace. Plus les enfants entendent ce vocabulaire spécifique, plus ils l’intégreront. Les enfants qui ont les connaissances les plus étendues dans le domaine sont susceptibles de mieux se repérer dans l’espace en grandissant.

Les parents peuvent contribuer à cette facilité d’expression en utilisant des mots pour décrire les objets d’après :

leurs dimensions (grand, petit, court, large, étroit)

leur forme (cercle, carré, triangle, ovale, rectangle)

leurs propriétés (rond, droit, courbe, pointu)

Quand vous demandez à des enfants de ranger leurs affaires, soyez aussi précis que possible sur les emplacements. Dites-leur par exemple de « jeter la boîte dans la poubelle de recyclage », de « déposer les livres sur l’étagère » ou de « mettre la pâte à modeler à côté du micro-ondes ».

Faire des puzzles

À l’instar de ce qui se passe avec les cubes, il existe des liens bénéfiques entre la pratique des puzzles et l’aptitude à se situer dans l’espace. Les enfants qui font des puzzles ont plus de facilités pour se repérer que ceux qui n’en font pas. Comme dans les jeux de briques, il faut en effet tourner et déplacer simultanément un grand nombre de pièces.

Lorsque des enfants se lancent dans un puzzle, nous pouvons les encourager à persévérer et les aider à imaginer quelles pièces pourraient convenir, soit en se basant sur leurs formes (« il nous faut une pièce avec un bord plat »;), soit en visualisant les éléments manquants de l’image (« nous avons besoin de feuilles couleur vert clair »;).

Assurons-nous aussi que la taille du puzzle n’excède pas leurs capacités – il faut que ce ne soit pas trop facile mais pas trop dur non plus. Combien d’entre nous n’ont-ils pas renoncé à un puzzle de 1 000 pièces représentant pour 800 d’entre elles le ciel ou la mer ?

Utiliser des plans

Des cartes, il y en a tout autour de nous. Elles figurent les liens spatiaux entre les objets dans le monde réel. Les plus jeunes adorent regarder et créer des plans. Des études auprès d’enfants d’âge pré-scolaire ont montré que la consultation et l’usage de plans aidaient les enfants à mieux circuler quand ils doivent se retrouver dans un dédale d’objets.

Des jeux comme les chasses au trésor à partir de cartes et de symboles directionnels (à gauche, à droit, en haut, en bas, vers le nord ou le sud) sont un moyen divertissant d’aider les enfants à raisonner dans l’espace.

Explorer et créer des cartes de toutes sortes, depuis des planisphères aux plans de centres commerciaux, en passant par les plans de quartier, voilà qui aide à comprendre comment le monde qui nous entoure peut se représenter de différentes façons et à différentes échelles. Les cartes à déplier et les cartes numériques comme Google Maps et Google Earth sont de merveilleuses ressources.

Donner de l’importance aux gestes

Beaucoup de gens s’expriment en faisant des gestes, et c’est particulièrement vrai quand ils parlent d’espace, par exemple quand il s’agit d’indiquer des directions.

D’autres recherches montrent que les professions scientifiques et techniques font la part belle aux gestes quand il s’agit de résoudre des problèmes liés à l’espace et que les étudiants exposés à cette gestuelle pendant leur formation s’en sortent mieux face aux tâches à résoudre.

Les enfants devraient être encouragés à se servir de leurs mains quand ils doivent expliquer des mouvements ou indiquer des lieux ou des objets. Et les parents peuvent leur montrer l’exemple.

Traduit de l’anglais par Aurélie Djavadi.

Catégories : Aucun

Publier un commentaire

Oups !

Oops, you forgot something.

Oups !

Les mots que vous avez saisis ne correspondent pas au texte affiché. Veuillez réessayer.

6694 commentaires

Répondre lebron 18
à 11:21 le 25 mai 2021 
I wanted to send you the little remark in order to say thanks again relating to the stunning opinions you've featured here. This has been so strangely open-handed with people like you to supply openly what most of us would have sold for an e book to end up making some profit on their own, notably now that you might well have tried it if you wanted. Those tips as well worked to provide a fantastic way to understand that many people have the same keenness really like mine to realize whole lot more when it comes to this matter. I'm sure there are millions of more pleasurable times ahead for people who start reading your website.
lebron 18 http://www.lebron18.us
Répondre off white shoes
à 13:08 le 25 mai 2021 
My husband and i were absolutely joyous when Emmanuel could carry out his inquiry out of the precious recommendations he acquired in your web site. It is now and again perplexing to simply continually be giving for free techniques which other folks have been selling. So we do understand we've got the blog owner to thank for this. The explanations you made, the easy web site navigation, the friendships you will make it easier to foster - it's all wonderful, and it is facilitating our son and us recognize that the subject matter is entertaining, which is truly vital. Many thanks for all!
off white shoes http://www.offwhite.us.com
Répondre off white jordan 1
à 14:08 le 25 mai 2021 
My husband and i have been so more than happy Jordan could finish off his investigations with the precious recommendations he came across from your web pages. It is now and again perplexing to simply be giving out hints which many others have been making money from. And we already know we need you to give thanks to for this. The main illustrations you made, the straightforward web site navigation, the relationships you give support to create - it's got all astonishing, and it's leading our son in addition to us understand that issue is enjoyable, which is certainly unbelievably mandatory. Thanks for the whole lot!
off white jordan 1 http://www.offwhitexjordan1.com
Répondre kyrie shoes
à 14:39 le 25 mai 2021 
I am also commenting to make you understand what a amazing discovery our princess went through reading through your blog. She mastered a lot of issues, which include what it is like to possess an excellent giving spirit to have the others very easily have an understanding of specific multifaceted subject matter. You truly exceeded people's expectations. Many thanks for presenting the invaluable, safe, revealing and also unique guidance on that topic to Janet.
kyrie shoes http://www.kyrieirvingshoes.us.com
Répondre supreme clothing
à 14:58 le 25 mai 2021 
I enjoy you because of all of the hard work on this web site. Kim enjoys setting aside time for investigation and it's really easy to understand why. My partner and i learn all about the dynamic form you produce vital information by means of your blog and even improve contribution from other individuals on this theme while our own daughter is really being taught a whole lot. Take advantage of the rest of the year. You are doing a really good job.
supreme clothing http://www.supremeclothingstore.com
Répondre supreme t shirt
à 15:18 le 25 mai 2021 
I wish to express thanks to the writer just for rescuing me from this type of incident. After surfing around through the internet and getting views that were not helpful, I figured my life was over. Living without the answers to the problems you've sorted out by means of your entire post is a crucial case, as well as the kind which could have negatively damaged my entire career if I had not come across your website. Your main talents and kindness in controlling every part was very helpful. I'm not sure what I would have done if I had not come across such a subject like this. It's possible to at this point relish my future. Thank you so much for the high quality and result oriented help. I will not hesitate to refer your blog post to anybody who ought to have support about this subject.
supreme t shirt http://www.supreme.us.org
Répondre hermes handbags
à 15:57 le 25 mai 2021 
I simply needed to thank you very much all over again. I'm not certain the things that I would have used without these aspects discussed by you concerning this area. It truly was a real scary matter in my view, but discovering a new specialised manner you resolved it forced me to leap with joy. I'm just grateful for this guidance and then trust you really know what an amazing job that you're undertaking instructing many people all through your blog. I am certain you haven't encountered any of us.
hermes handbags http://www.hermes-handbags.us.com
Répondre cheap jordans
à 16:41 le 25 mai 2021 
Thank you a lot for providing individuals with an exceptionally remarkable possiblity to read critical reviews from this web site. It is always so amazing plus jam-packed with a good time for me personally and my office colleagues to search your web site no less than three times a week to find out the new guidance you will have. Of course, I am actually fascinated considering the staggering knowledge you give. Some 3 tips in this post are clearly the simplest I've had.
cheap jordans http://www.cheap-airjordans.us.com
Répondre stone island
à 17:06 le 25 mai 2021 
I enjoy you because of your whole efforts on this blog. My mother loves setting aside time for research and it is simple to grasp why. We know all of the dynamic mode you offer invaluable information via this blog and even improve response from other ones about this issue and our favorite simple princess is actually being taught so much. Have fun with the rest of the new year. Your conducting a glorious job.
stone island http://www.stoneislands.us
Répondre kd 13
à 18:57 le 25 mai 2021 
I have to point out my appreciation for your kind-heartedness for those people that actually need guidance on the study. Your very own commitment to getting the message all around appeared to be unbelievably effective and have regularly helped associates just like me to realize their goals. Your personal interesting recommendations implies a lot to me and substantially more to my peers. Regards; from each one of us.
kd 13 http://www.kd13shoes.us
Répondre yeezy 350
à 19:28 le 25 mai 2021 
I enjoy you because of all your effort on this web page. Kim takes pleasure in making time for investigations and it's really easy to understand why. Most people learn all regarding the compelling form you offer priceless guides by means of the web blog and therefore welcome contribution from other ones about this idea while our favorite child is certainly understanding a great deal. Take advantage of the remaining portion of the new year. You have been carrying out a powerful job.
yeezy 350 http://www.yeezy-350.us.com
Répondre yeezys
à 19:42 le 25 mai 2021 
I would like to voice my respect for your generosity giving support to men and women that should have help with this one concept. Your special dedication to getting the message along had been rather functional and have always made guys just like me to realize their ambitions. Your amazing invaluable guideline signifies so much a person like me and much more to my office colleagues. Regards; from everyone of us.
yeezys http://www.supplyyeezys.com
Répondre golden goose sneakers
à 19:43 le 25 mai 2021 
I want to express some thanks to the writer for bailing me out of this crisis. Because of scouting throughout the online world and finding basics that were not pleasant, I figured my life was over. Existing devoid of the strategies to the issues you've resolved by way of your main guideline is a crucial case, and ones that might have in a negative way affected my career if I had not encountered the blog. That talents and kindness in dealing with every aspect was tremendous. I am not sure what I would've done if I hadn't discovered such a thing like this. I am able to now look forward to my future. Thanks so much for the reliable and results-oriented help. I won't think twice to suggest your site to anybody who ought to have direction on this issue.
golden goose sneakers http://www.goldengoosesneakers.us.org
Répondre curry 5
à 19:43 le 25 mai 2021 
I precisely wished to thank you very much yet again. I do not know the things that I might have tried without the type of techniques shown by you over this problem. This was an absolute frightful issue in my view, but being able to see a new well-written tactic you handled that forced me to leap over happiness. I'm grateful for the assistance and hope that you really know what a powerful job you're putting in teaching most people through the use of a blog. I am sure you have never encountered any of us.
curry 5 http://www.curry5.us.com
Répondre kyrie 4
à 19:45 le 25 mai 2021 
I precisely needed to thank you very much once more. I do not know the things I would have worked on without the type of ways contributed by you on that question. It truly was a very scary problem in my view, however , looking at your specialized style you treated it forced me to leap for contentment. I am happy for your work and thus trust you know what an amazing job your are carrying out training people today all through your blog. I know that you have never got to know all of us.
kyrie 4 http://www.kyrie4shoes.us
Répondre supreme hoodie
à 19:49 le 25 mai 2021 
I intended to create you that little note to give thanks once again for your personal pleasant techniques you have discussed above. It is certainly pretty open-handed of you to provide extensively all that many individuals could possibly have supplied for an e book to make some bucks on their own, certainly now that you could have tried it in case you considered necessary. These thoughts likewise acted as a great way to recognize that other people have the identical desire much like my personal own to realize many more on the topic of this condition. I'm certain there are lots of more enjoyable times up front for folks who see your blog.
supreme hoodie http://www.supremeclothingsstore.com
Répondre lebron 17 shoes
à 20:06 le 25 mai 2021 
I needed to send you this very small observation in order to say thanks a lot yet again over the splendid guidelines you've documented in this case. It is simply unbelievably generous of people like you to offer extensively all many of us could possibly have made available for an e-book to help make some cash for themselves, principally considering that you might well have tried it if you ever decided. The secrets in addition served as the fantastic way to recognize that most people have the identical keenness similar to my personal own to grasp a little more in terms of this matter. I'm certain there are millions of more pleasurable periods in the future for folks who read your site.
lebron 17 shoes http://www.lebron17s.us
Répondre yeezy
à 21:24 le 25 mai 2021 
I enjoy you because of your whole labor on this web site. Gloria enjoys conducting investigations and it's obvious why. All of us learn all of the powerful medium you make priceless thoughts via this website and in addition welcome response from the others on this subject so our own daughter is in fact becoming educated a lot. Take pleasure in the rest of the new year. Your doing a really great job.
yeezy http://www.yeezy-supply.us.org
Répondre kobe shoes
à 21:36 le 25 mai 2021 
My wife and i felt quite more than happy Raymond could deal with his investigations with the precious recommendations he grabbed through your web site. It's not at all simplistic to simply happen to be handing out concepts people today have been trying to sell. We really recognize we have got the website owner to give thanks to because of that. The specific explanations you made, the easy web site menu, the friendships you can help engender - it is all fantastic, and it is letting our son in addition to us recognize that that topic is enjoyable, which is certainly extraordinarily mandatory. Thank you for the whole lot!
kobe shoes http://www.kobe.us.com
Répondre kd shoes
à 22:42 le 25 mai 2021 
I would like to convey my affection for your kindness supporting those who really need help on this important area. Your very own dedication to passing the message all over ended up being especially powerful and have continually helped associates like me to realize their objectives. Your amazing interesting guidelines can mean this much to me and far more to my colleagues. Best wishes; from each one of us.
kd shoes http://www.kevindurant-shoes.us.com
0